银保监会：“全力支持经济社会恢复发展 牢牢守住风险底线”——郭树清主席接受专访

2020年8月13日新华社发布中国人民银行党委书记、银保监会主席郭树清专访《全力支持经济社会恢复发展 牢牢守住风险底线——访中国人民银行党委书记、中国银保监会主席郭树清》，以下为全文：

疫情是场大考，金融业如何作答？作为实体经济血脉，支持经济社会恢复发展是否有力有效？面对不良贷款反弹压力，抵御风险的堤坝是否坚实？复杂多变的国内外环境下，改革开放的步伐是否一如既往？针对这些热点问题，中国人民银行党委书记、中国银保监会主席郭树清接受了记者采访。

新增贷款超12万亿元 有力支持经济加快恢复

稳企业保就业，稳住经济基本盘，金融支持是重要一环。

“今年二季度我国经济恢复正增长，离不开宏观政策的有力对冲，包括财政、税收、社保、就业等方面的政策，货币金融政策也发挥了重要作用。”郭树清说，今年以来，我国三次降低存款准备金率，增加1.8万亿元再贷款再贴现额度，及时出台阶段性延期还本付息政策等，有力促进了经济的恢复。

数据显示，今年上半年我国新增人民币贷款12.09万亿元，同比多增2.42万亿元。6月末，普惠型小微企业贷款同比增长28.4%，科研技术贷款同比增长26.95%。企业信用贷款同比增长13.8%，中长期贷款同比增长13.4%，均高于贷款平均增速。

“资金重点投向制造业、基础设施、科技创新、小微三农等重点领域和薄弱环节。上半年新增制造业贷款创历史新高，超过之前4年增量之和，贷款总量和结构都有了很大优化。”郭树清说。

除了信贷支持，直接融资方面也在发力。上半年，银行业企业债券投资同比增长28.5%。保险业债券投资同比增长16.5%，长期股权投资同比增长18.2%。“这个增长幅度是近些年少有的，对推动金融业结构调整优化和支持实体经济发展发挥了重要作用。”郭树清说。

当前，促进经济社会恢复发展，需要金融业更加主动作为，深入了解实体经济需求，提供精准服务。

“下一步首先要做好对普惠型小微企业的支持。目前已有2360多万家小微企业获得银行贷款，这个水平在全世界都是数一数二的，关键在于银行的经营管理能力、风险控制能力有了较大提高。”郭树清说。

更好地支持实体经济，要推动直接融资和间接融资平衡发展。“下半年要继续推动企业债券的发行，银行保险机构要更多地参与债券等资本市场。企业通过直接融资可以获取长期资金，低成本资金，相当一部分是资本金，对企业成长更有利。”郭树清表示。

为帮助企业渡过难关，目前银行业已对6.12万亿元企业到期贷款提供融资支持。面对疫情的持续影响，应及时做好应对的准备。“银保监会、人民银行也研究了一些储备性政策，我们看市场的情况，如果恢复得还有一些问题的话，会把这些储备性政策用出来，加快经济恢复。”郭树清说。

金融业运行平稳 积极应对不良贷款反弹

金融支持实体经济，必须以自身的稳健运行为前提。

郭树清表示，当前我国金融业运行平稳，风险整体可控，主要指标处于合理区间。“新冠肺炎疫情发生以来，国际金融市场经历剧烈波动，相较而言，我国股、债、汇市场展现出较强的韧性和抗风险能力。”

数据显示，二季度末，我国商业银行流动性覆盖率142.4%，资金支付能力充足；不良贷款率1.94%，较年初上升0.08个百分点；拨备覆盖率182.4%，资本充足率14.21%，风险抵补能力较强。

郭树清表示，同时必须要看到，当前金融风险仍然易发高发，一些潜在隐患依然较大，包括存量风险尚未得到彻底解决、不良资产上升压力加大、资金面宽松背景下市场乱象极易反弹回潮等，对此一定要保持清醒，冷静研判，未雨绸缪。

“上半年，受新冠肺炎疫情等因素影响，银行业新形成不良贷款较去年同期有所上升。当前，经济尚未全面恢复，疫情仍有较大不确定性，所带来的金融风险也存在一定时滞，预计有相当规模贷款的风险会延后暴露，未来不良贷款上升压力较大。”郭树清说。

他表示，对此要密切关注，提早谋划，积极应对。一是做实资产质量分类。督促银行运用预期信用损失法评估贷款风险，真实反映企业经营变化。二是备足抵御风险“弹药”。要求银行采取多种方法补足资本，提前加大拨备提取，提高未来风险抵御能力。三是加大不良贷款处置力度。在充分揭示风险的前提下，研究分阶段下调拨备覆盖率的监管要求，释放资源全部用于处置不良贷款。四是严控增量风险。督促银行加强内部控制和风险管理，做好贷款“三查”，减少贷款损失。

“预计今年全年银行业将处置不良贷款3.4万亿元，比去年的2.3万亿元加大了力度，明年的处置力度会更大，因为很多贷款延期了，一些问题明年才会暴露出来。”郭树清说。

他表示，突如其来的疫情影响之下，原本经营很好的企业销售中断、订单压缩，不良贷款的反弹是必然的。“财政、金融、就业、产业各方面的政策要结合起来进行帮扶，多种手段把企业扶持起来，这样我们的经济大循环就会更正常、更容易一些。”

改革开放一如既往 更加注重政策落地

金融业对外开放，是我国对外开放的重头戏。

郭树清表示，近两年，银行业保险业共有34条对外开放措施陆续落地，形成了一批有示范性的实例，比如首家外资控股的理财公司、首家外资独资保险控股公司等均获准设立，今年上半年又批复友邦保险在内地设立首家外资独资寿险公司等。

对于下一步的金融开放政策，郭树清表示，现在最主要的是抓已出台政策的落实。要鼓励中外机构在产品、股权、管理和人才等方面开展合作，拓展开放广度和深度。完善配套制度和基础设施建设，营造更加市场化、法治化、国际化的营商环境。

“尽管现在国际环境发生较大变化，但这不会改变我们对外开放的大趋势。疫情期间不断有外资金融机构来中国落户就是很好的证明，中国金融业对外开放的政策一如既往。”郭树清说。

深化改革，是中国破解经济发展难题的一把钥匙。金融领域也是如此。

郭树清表示，将下更大气力深化金融领域关键性改革，包括加快中小银行改革、大力支持直接融资、完善银行保险机构公司治理等。

“要以加快中小银行改革为突破口，提升金融机构体系稳健性。拓宽风险处置和资本补充资金来源，加快补充资本，因地制宜、分类施策，把深化改革与化解风险、完善治理结合起来。”郭树清说，改革推进中，注意保持地方金融组织体系完整性，尤其要保持农信社或农商行县域法人地位总体稳定。

他表示，要大力支持直接融资，促进融资结构优化。引导信托、理财和保险公司等机构树立价值投资理念，做真正的专业投资、价值投资，成为促进资本市场发展、维护资本市场稳定的中坚力量。同时要以公司治理为抓手，调整优化股权结构，完善现代金融企业制度。

- Interview with Guo Shuqing, Party Secretary of the People's Bank of China and Chairman of the China Banking and Insurance Regulatory Commission

On August 13, 2020, the Xinhua News Agency released an exclusive interview with Guo Shuqing, Party Secretary of the People's Bank of China and Chairman of the Banking and Insurance Regulatory Commission, titled "Fully Supporting the Economic and Social Recovery and Development and Firmly Holding the Bottom Line of Risk Prevention and Control - Interview with Guo Shuqing, Party Secretary of the People's Bank of China and Chairman of the Banking Regulatory Commission of China". The following is the full text:

The epidemic is a big test. How does the financial industry respond? As the blood of the real economy, has the financial industry been effective in supporting the economic and social recovery and development? Facing the pressure of potential rebound of non-performing loans, is the dam against risks solid enough? Under the complicated and volatile environment at home and abroad, is the pace of reform and opening up unchanged as always? In response to these hot issues, Guo Shuqing, Party Secretary of the People's Bank of China and Chairman of the China Banking and Insurance Regulatory Commission, was interviewed by the Xinhua News Agency.

Newly issued loans exceed 12 trillion yuan, which strongly supported and facilitated the recovery of the economy.

Financial support plays an important part in stabilizing enterprises and employment as well as the economic fundamentals.

"In the second quarter of this year, China's economy resumed positive growth, which wouldn’t have been possible without the strong hedging of macroeconomic policies, including fiscal policies and supportive policies in taxation, social security, employment, etc. Monetary and financial policies also played an important role." Guo Shuqing said, citing the reduction of deposit reserve ratio three times since the beginning of this year, the increase of 1.8 trillion yuan in re-financing and rediscount quota, and the timely introduction of the policy to temporarily allow delayed repayment of loan principal and interest, which effectively helped the economic recovery.

Data show that in the first half of this year, new RMB loans increased by 12.09 trillion yuan, an increase of 2.42 trillion yuan than the same period last year. As of the end of June, loans to micro and small enterprises for inclusive finance purpose increased by 28.4% year-on-year, and R&D loans increased by 26.95% year-on-year. Compared with the same period last year, corporate unsecured loans increased by 13.8%, medium-to-long-term loans increased by 13.4%, both higher than the average loan growth.

"The funds are mainly invested in key areas and weak links of the economy such as manufacturing, infrastructure, scientific and technological innovation, micro and small enterprises, the agriculture-related sectors, etc. In the first half of the year, new manufacturing loans reached a record high, exceeding the sum of the previous four years' increases, and the total amount and structure of these loans were greatly improved." Guo Shuqing said.

In addition to credit support, direct financing is also making its share of contributions. In the first half of the year, enterprise bond investment by the banking industry increased by 28.5% year-on-year. Bond investment by insurance funds increased by 16.5% year-on-year, and long-term equity investment increased by 18.2% year-on-year. "Growth rate of this kind is rare in recent years and has played an important role in promoting the structural adjustment of the financial industry and supporting the development of the real economy." Guo Shuqing said.

At present, to push forward the economic and social recovery and development, it is necessary for the financial industry to act more proactively, to have a deep understanding of the needs of the real economy and to provide more accurate and targeted services.

"The next step is to better support micro and small enterprises for inclusive finance purpose. At present, more than 23.6 million micro and small enterprises have obtained bank loans, which is one of the best in the world. The key is that commercial banks’ management and risk control capabilities have been greatly improved." Guo Shuqing said.

To better support the real economy, we need to promote the balanced development of direct financing and indirect financing. "In the second half of the year, we will continue to promote enterprise bond issuance, and banking and insurance institutions should be more active in capital markets such as fixed income market. Enterprises can obtain long-term and low-cost funds through direct financing, and a considerable part of them help to increase capital, which is more beneficial to the growth of enterprises. " Guo Shuqing said.

To help enterprises tide over difficulties, the banking sector has provided re-financing support for 6.12 trillion-yuan of enterprise loans due. Faced with the on-gong impact of the epidemic, we should be better prepared. "The CBIRC and the PBC have also done some research and prepared some stand-by policies. We will be watching closely at the market situation. If there are still some problems in recovery, these stand-by policies will be rolled out to help." Guo Shuqing said.

The financial industry is operating steadily and actively in response to the rebound of non-performing loans.

Financial support for the real economy must be based on its own steady operation.

Guo Shuqing said that at present, China's financial industry is operating steadily, risks are controllable as a whole, and the main indicators are in a reasonable range. "Since the outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic, the international financial market has experienced extreme volatility. In comparison, China's stock market, debt market and foreign exchange market have all shown strong resilience and anti-risk capacity."

As shown in the data, at the end of the second quarter, the liquidity coverage ratio of China's commercial banks was 142.4%, showing sufficient liquidity; the non-performing loan ratio was 1.94%, up 0.08 percentage points from the beginning of the year; the provision coverage ratio was 182.4%, and the capital adequacy ratio was 14.21%, indicating sufficient risk compensation capability.

Guo Shuqing said that in the meantime, it must be noted that currently financial risks are prone to high incidence, and there are potentially still some considerable hidden dangers, such as the existing risks that haven’t been completely resolved, the increasing upward pressure of non-performing assets, and the misconducts in the market that tend to rebound and regain its momentum under the background of loose monetary conditions. We must keep a cool head, calmly judge the situation and take precautions.

"In the first half of the year, due to factors such as the epidemic, the newly added non-performing loans in the banking sector increased somewhat compared with the same period of last year. At present, the economy has not fully recovered. There are still uncertainties with the epidemic situation. The financial risks brought by it also have a certain time lag. It is expected that the exposure of the risks of a considerable amount of loans will be delayed. There is rather large upward pressure on non-performing loans in the coming future." Guo Shuqing said.

Guo said that we should pay close attention to these potential risks, plan ahead and respond positively. First, to reinforce asset classification. Banks will be urged to use the expected loss approach to assess loan risks, and truly reflect changes in business operations. Second, to prepare enough “ammunition” to guard against risks. Banks are required to adopt various methods to replenish capital, increase provision in advance, and improve their ability to resist future risks. Third, to strengthen the disposal of non-performing loans. In the premise of full risk exposure, the regulators will consider lowering requirements on provision coverage ratio in stages, and require that all released resources be used in disposing non-performing loans. Fourth, to strictly control the risk of new loans. Banks are urged to strengthen internal controls and risk management, enhance the pre-lending investigation, loan approval and post-loan management, so as to reduce loan losses.

"It is estimated that the banking industry will dispose of 3.4 trillion yuan of non-performing loans this year, which is more than last year's 2.3 trillion yuan. More efforts will be devoted in NPL disposal next year, because the principal and interest payment of many loans have been extended and some problems won’t come to surface until next year." Guo Shuqing said.

He said that under the sudden hit of the epidemic, the business operation of some well-run enterprises was interrupted with sales and orders reduced, and it was inevitable the non-performing loans would rebound. "Fiscal, financial, employment and industry policies should be combined and various means should be explored to help these enterprises, so that the our economic cycle will be more smooth and sooner back to normal"

Reform and opening up policies remain unchanged as always, with more attention paid to policy implementation.

The opening-up of the financial sector is the key component of China's opening-up.

Guo Shuqing said that in the past two years, a total of 34 opening-up measures have been rolled out and put to effect in the banking and insurance sector, setting forth a number of exemplary cases. For instance, the first foreign-controlled wealth management company and the first wholly foreign-owned insurance holding company were approved for establishment. In the first half of this year, AIA was approved to set up the first wholly foreign-owned life insurance company in the Mainland.

Regarding the financial opening-up policies going forward, Guo Shuqing said that current focus is to ensure the implementation of the policies already introduced. Chinese and foreign institutions are encouraged to enhance cooperation in the areas of products, equity, management and talents, so as to broaden and deepen the opening-up. Supporting policies and infrastructure should be improved, with a more market-oriented, law-based and international business environment fostered.

"Although great changes have taken place in the international environment, this will not change our general trend of opening up to the outside world. That foreign financial institutions have settled in China during the epidemic has provided a good proof. The policy of opening up China's financial industry to the outside world is unchanged as always. " Guo Shuqing said.

Deepening reforms is a key to solve the difficult problem of economic development in China. The same is true in the financial sector.

Guo Shuqing said that more efforts will be made to deepen key financial reforms, including speeding up the reform of small and medium-sized banks, vigorously supporting direct financing, and improving corporate governance of banking and insurance institutions.

"We will accelerate the reform of small and medium-sized banks and use it as a breakthrough to enhance the stability and resilience of the financial system. Fund sources should be broadened to enhance risk disposal and speed up capital replenishment. Meanwhile, targeted and differentiated policies should be taken to well balance and integrate the policy objectives of deepening reform with risk mitigation and improvement of governance." Guo Shuqing said that in pushing forward the reform, attention should be paid to maintaining the integrity of local financial institutions, especially to maintaining the overall stability of legal persons’ status of rural credit cooperatives or rural commercial banks at the county level.

He said that efforts will be made to vigorously support direct financing and improve financing structure. Trust companies, wealth management and insurance companies and other institutions will be guided to establish the philosophy of value investment, make real professional investment and value investment, and become the backbone of promoting capital market development and maintaining the stability of capital market. At the same time, we should take corporate governance as the starting point, adjust the ownership structure, and further improve the modern financial enterprise system.